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ICE Deportation Flights: Contractors, Airlines, and the Possibility of an ICE-Owned Carrier

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From charter contracts to a possible dedicated fleet, ICE deportation flights are at a turning point.

On Wednesday, 20 August 2025, NBC News broke an exclusive story reporting that US Homeland Security Secretary Kristi Noem is exploring the idea of creating an airline dedicated to Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) deportation operations. According to the report, ICE would use a new “influx of funds” to potentially establish its own fleet, removing the need to rely on charter operators and contractors.

While costly, the move could allow ICE to double the number of deportations each month. Former ICE Chief of Staff Jason Houser told NBC that under the Biden administration, the agency oversaw roughly 15,000 deportations monthly using between 8 and 14 chartered aircraft. Doubling that number would likely take about 30 aircraft, Houser said. With President Trump calling for one million deportations annually, that would require nearly 83,300 removals per month. 

There’s no way that number can be achieved under the current system. Hence, the discussion surrounding the creation of an ICE-run airline.

Buying airplanes isn’t cheap. New jets can run anywhere from $80 million to $400 million apiece, putting a fleet purchase squarely in the multibillion-dollar range. Thanks to a $30 billion appropriation for deportation efforts in Trump’s “Big Beautiful Bill,” funding itself may not be the biggest hurdle. Instead, the challenge would be building and running a functioning airline, which would require pilots, flight attendants, mechanics, medics, security officers, and regulatory compliance teams.

For now, though, ICE Air remains a patchwork of charter contracts and subcontracted carriers. And that patchwork is a fascinating one. If you’ve ever spotted a plain white Airbus or Boeing 737 at places like Miami, Mesa, or San Antonio with no obvious airline branding, there’s a good chance you were looking at an ICE flight. From established charter specialists to young budget airlines, a surprisingly diverse group of operators keeps ICE deportation flights moving every day.

Here’s a closer look at who’s doing the flying.

The Prime Contractor: CSI Aviation

CSI Aviation King Air
A CSI Aviation King Air inside the hangar at ABQ. CSI does not operate ICE deportation flights. Rather, they contract them out to other carriers. | IMAGE: CSI Aviation

CSI Aviation, an Albuquerque, New Mexico-based charter broker that has managed ICE flight contracts for decades, is the leading player in ICE Air Operations.

  • CSI has signed contracts worth more than $650 million in the last three years, including a no-bid contract valued at up to $219 million (March–August 2025, extendable to February 2026…at the time of this writing, no extension has been publicly acknowledged).
  • CSI does not operate aircraft directly. Instead, it subcontracts with a mix of commercial and charter airlines to conduct deportation missions.
  • The company has received over $1.6 billion in ICE contracts across multiple presidential administrations.

This brokerage model means ICE avoids directly owning aircraft, but also ties its operations to whichever carriers are willing and available.

For the airlines, these contracts can be lucrative and predictable. Flights are scheduled regularly, with carriers guaranteed payment for a minimum number of hours and penalties assessed if ICE cancels on short notice. That kind of steady government work is highly attractive in the otherwise cyclical charter market.

The Subcontractors: Who Actually Flies Deportation Missions?

GlobalX (Global Crossing Airlines Group)

GlobalX Airbus A320 assisting with ICE deportation flights
An Airbus A320 (N278GX) of GlobalX Airlines turns onto Runway 34 in preparation for take-off from KHPN (Westchester County Airport) | IMAGE: By Dave Montiverdi – HPN – Aircraft of Westchester, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=139091454
  • Headquarters: Miami International Airport (MIA)
  • Fleet: 18 Airbus A320 family aircraft (10 A320-200s, 8 A321-200s, with 4 A319-100s on order)
  • Role: Currently the largest ICE flight operator–by far–, responsible for nearly 80% of removal flights in 2024.
  • Revenue Impact: Emergency five-year contract signed in Sept. 2023, expected to generate $65M annually.
  • Other Work: Sports charters and entertainment tours (Lady Gaga, Bad Bunny).

GlobalX’s dual identity—flying celebrity tours one week and ICE deportation flights the next—highlights the diverse charter market where carriers often adapt to very different missions.

Avelo Airlines

Avelo Airlines Boeing 737-800
An Avelo Airlines Boeing 737-800 (reg. N802XT). Avelo began ICE deportation flights in May 2025 | IMAGE: Avelo AIrlines
  • Headquarters: Houston, Texas
  • Fleet: 22 Boeing 737s (7 -700s, 13 -800s)
  • Role: Began ICE operations in May 2025, flying three aircraft from Mesa, Arizona.
  • Context: Facing financial pressure, CEO Andrew Levy described the ICE deal as “too valuable not to pursue.”
  • Backlash: Protests in California and Connecticut, though the airline attributes its recent West Coast retreat to broader financial restructuring.

Avelo is the only scheduled passenger airline currently flying ICE deportation flights. For a young airline looking for financial stability, steady ICE contracts provide a buffer against seasonal swings in leisure demand.

Eastern Air Express (part of Eastern Air Holdings) 

Eastern Air Express 737
An Eastern Air Express Boeing 737 at MCI | IMAGE: Eastern Airlines
  • Headquarters: Kansas City International Airport (MCI)
  • Fleet: 22 Boeing 737s (300s, 400s, 700s, 800s)
  • Role: Subcontractor via CSI, began flying deportation missions in 2025.

Eastern Air Express can trace its roots back to the original Eastern Airlines, founded in 1926 and once one of the nation’s “Big Four” carriers that shaped commercial aviation in the United States. Revived through Dynamic International Airways’ 2018 rebrand, the Eastern name is now associated with long-haul Boeing 777 operations. The company also acquired Hillwood Airways in 2023, rebranding it as Eastern Air Express.

Omni Air International (subsidiary of Air Transport Services Group)

Omni Air International, N828AX, Boeing 777-2U8 ER
Omni Air International, N828AX, Boeing 777-2U8 ER | IMAGE: By Anna Zvereva – Omni Air International, N828AX, Boeing 777-2U8 ER, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=92748182
  • Headquarters: Tulsa International Airport (TUL)
  • Fleet: 15 aircraft (12 Boeing 767s, 3 Boeing 777s)
  • Role: Operates “special high-risk charters” for detainees unsuitable for commercial flights.

Omni is already known in the charter industry for long-haul military and VIP missions, and ICE deportation flights fit into that same niche.

World Atlantic Airlines (Caribbean Sun)

World Atlantic Airlines MD-83
A World Atlantic Airlines McDonnell Douglas MD-83 on approach at Miami International Airport (MIA) in 2014. Also known as Caribbean Sun Airlines, it is one of several carriers that operate ICE deportation flights. | IMAGE: By BriYYZ from Toronto, Canada – World Atlantic McDonnell Douglas MD-83 N802WA, CC BY-SA 2.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=41141180
  • Headquarters: Virginia Gardens, Florida
  • Fleet: 5 McDonnell Douglas MD-83s
  • Role: Historically filled in when iAero Airways could not. Active ICE partner since 2013.

World Atlantic’s aging MD-80 series jets may be rare in US skies today, but they remain useful for charter work.

Other Occasional Operators

A KaiserAir Boeing 737-700
Oakland International Airport (OAK)-based KaiserAir utilizes Boeing 737-700 for ICE deportation flights when needed | IMAGE: KaiserAir
  • KaiserAir – An infrequent player, stepping in sporadically for ICE flights when needed.
  • Gryphon Airlines (ATS)—Gryphon primarily uses Gulfstream jets to carry out long-distance ICE deportation flights to destinations in Africa, the Pacific, and Europe. In one instance, a Gryphon Air Gulfstream was chartered in March 2025 to fly eight Nepali citizens deported from the United States back to Nepal.
  • GEO Transport, Inc. (subsidiary of GEO Group) – Uses contracted aircraft, occasionally including large military lifts such as the C-5M Super Galaxy, under a five-year CSI subcontract (expected revenue $25M annually).

Historical Shifts: From iAero to Military Aircraft and Back

The current roster of subcontractors reflects major changes in the last few years. For more than a decade, iAero Airways (formerly Swift Air) was the primary ICE charter provider. At its peak, the airline operated nearly 60 ICE deportation flights per month and earned about $4 million weekly. But after filing for bankruptcy in 2023, its role collapsed, creating opportunities for GlobalX and Avelo.

Early in Trump’s second term, ICE briefly relied on military aircraft for removals. By March 2025, however, the practice was largely abandoned due to inefficiency and high cost. The return to civilian charters restored demand for CSI’s network of private carriers.

AirlineHQ / BaseTypical AircraftRole in ICE OperationsNotes
GlobalX (Global Crossing)Miami, FL (MIA)Airbus A320 family (A320-200, A321-200)Primary subcontractor via CSIOperated most removal flights in 2024; also sports & entertainment charters
Avelo AirlinesHouston, TXBoeing 737-700/800Subcontractor via CSI (since 2025)Three aircraft based at Mesa for ICE; only scheduled passenger airline in this list
Eastern Air ExpressKansas City, MO (MCI)Boeing 737-300/400/700/800Subcontractor via CSIEntered ICE rotation in 2025
Omni Air International (ATSG)Tulsa, OK (TUL)Boeing 767-200/300, 777-200Special high-risk & long-haul chartersUsed on intercontinental missions and for detainees unsuitable for commercial flights
World Atlantic AirlinesVirginia Gardens, FLMcDonnell Douglas MD-83Historical subcontractor and overflowActive since 2013; took more work after iAero bankruptcy
KaiserAirOakland, CABoeing 737 variants, GulfstreamsOccasional subcontractorSporadic participation
Gryphon Airlines (ATS)Mesa, AZ (AZA)Small jets (14–16 seats)Rare long-distance missionsUsed for Africa, Europe, Pacific routes
GEO Transport, Inc. (GEO Group)Boca Raton, FLUses contracted or military aircraftCSI subcontractFive-year deal; ~$25M per year
Swift Air / iAero Airways (hist.)Miami, FLBoeing 737-400/800Former primary subcontractorBankrupt in 2023; work shifted to other carriers

Flight Patterns and Hubs

View of first runway at new airport in Everglades that was to be the world's largest airport.
View of first runway at new airport in Everglades that was to be the world’s largest airport. Today, it is the site of “Alligator Alcatraz,” and ICE deportation flights.

ICE Air Operations are centered around five primary hubs:

  • Phoenix-Mesa Gateway Airport (AZA) | Mesa, Arizona
  • San Antonio International Airport (SAT) | San Antonio, Texas
  • Miami International Airport (MIA) | Miami, Florida
  • Alexandria International Airport (AEX) | Alexandria, Louisiana
  • Brownsville South Padre Island International Airport (BRO) | Brownsville, Texas

One of the most well-known facilities is the “Alligator Alcatraz” site at the Dade-Collier Training and Transition Airport (TNT) in the Florida Everglades, a former training airport now dedicated to ICE operations.

Schedules are unpublished, but flights reportedly operate daily from each hub.

Regional Distribution

According to 2025 data compiled by flight trackers and advocacy groups, ICE deportation flights are heavily concentrated in the Northern Triangle countries of Central America:

  • Guatemala: Between 48 and 54 flights per month (May–July 2025).
  • Honduras: Between 35 and 49 flights per month.
  • El Salvador: 17 to 22 flights per month.
  • Mexico: Roughly 8–15% of monthly removals, with a dip in July 2025.

Flights to South America average around 25–35 per month, while Africa receives 10–13 deportation flights monthly. These flights often require long-range aircraft such as Omni Air’s 767s and 777s or small Gulfstream jets provided by Gryphon.

Domestic Shuffle Flights

An often overlooked aspect of ICE Air is the large number of domestic transfer flights, known as “shuffle flights.” These flights move detainees between detention facilities across the United States before their international departure.

  • In July 2025 alone, watchdogs tracked 727 shuffle flights, compared with 207 removal flights.
  • These flights are critical for capacity management, as detention centers frequently reach their limits.
  • Aircraft used are often the same narrowbodies that later fly deportation missions, meaning carriers like GlobalX may operate multiple domestic hops before a removal flight abroad.

Aircraft Utilization and Routing

Operationally, ICE deportation flights mirror charter airline logistics:

  • Multi-stop routings are common. A single flight may carry detainees to multiple destinations in Central America to maximize efficiency.
  • Long-haul missions to Africa or Europe sometimes use combination aircraft or require fuel stops along the way.
  • Because flights operate from only five hubs, detainees are often transported long distances domestically before their deportation—sometimes involving two or three separate flights.

Scale of Operations

Monthly totals in 2025 illustrate the scale:

  • May 2025: 190 deportation flights.
  • June 2025: 209 flights (record high since Sept. 2021).
  • July 2025: 207 flights.

Adding shuffle flights, total ICE-related aircraft movements are far higher, often exceeding 900 flights per month.

The Cost of Contracting vs. Owning

GlobalX Airbus A320-200
GlobalX Airbus A321-231 | IMAGE: GlobalX

Each deportation flight costs roughly $100K–$200K, with hourly rates around $25K. By the end of July 2025, more than 1,000 flights had already been flown, suggesting annual spending well into the hundreds of millions.

Comparisons to the commercial airline sector are revealing. A domestic US airline typically targets 10–15 hours of daily utilization for its aircraft to maximize revenue. ICE charters, by contrast, often operate at lower utilization rates but carry guaranteed revenue from the government. For carriers like GlobalX and Avelo, ICE work represents high-margin flying that can stabilize finances even when passenger markets are soft.

If ICE were to buy its own fleet, it would remove airlines from public criticism but inherit all the responsibilities of a commercial operator—recruiting staff, training crews, maintaining aircraft, and managing scheduling and compliance.

A Decision with Significant Implications

One of many aircraft currently assisting with ICE deportation flights
A Boeing 737-4Q8 assisting with ICE deportation flights | IMAGE: US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE)

The future of ICE Air may be at a crossroads. For years, deportation flights have been carried out through a patchwork of charter operators, brokers, and subcontractors. But with Homeland Security Secretary Kristi Noem openly floating the idea of a dedicated ICE-run airline, the discussion is shifting from routine contract renewals to the possibility of a government-operated fleet.

From an aviation perspective, that would be a seismic change. Building an airline from scratch would make ICE responsible for everything a commercial carrier manages every day: pilot and cabin crew training, FAA compliance, aircraft acquisition and maintenance, labor agreements, and long-term fleet planning. While agencies like the US Marshals Service operate a handful of aircraft, no federal agency has ever run a passenger airline at scale.

Economically, the key debate is whether ICE would own or lease its fleet. Leasing narrowbodies such as Airbus A320s or Boeing 737s would lower the up-front cost and offer flexibility, while outright ownership would give the agency full control over utilization. Either way, staffing requirements would be immense. A fleet of 30 aircraft, using commercial norms, could require thousands of employees across pilots, dispatchers, mechanics, medics, and security personnel.

The ripple effects wouldn’t stop there. For airlines like GlobalX and Avelo, ICE contracts provide steady, high-margin flying that helps balance their books. If ICE transitions to its own fleet, those contracts could vanish, forcing carriers to chase more volatile charter business. On the flip side, some airlines that have faced protests for their ICE work might quietly welcome being removed from the equation.

Operationally, a dedicated ICE airline could offer efficiency gains. Today’s mix of subcontracted carriers leads to multi-stop routings, extensive “shuffle flights” moving detainees between facilities, and logistical complexity. A standardized fleet with dedicated scheduling could streamline operations and reduce costs over time. Still, standing up an airline of this size would take years, and the federal government is not exactly the poster child for moving quickly.

It bears watching how this all plays out. Deportation flights are a small slice of the US air transport system, but they are unusual in how they bring together government funding, specialized logistics, and private-sector flying. If ICE does move ahead with its own airline, it could reshape not only immigration enforcement but also the unique segment of government charter aviation—a market that, until now, has quietly thrived behind the scenes.

For the moment, ICE Air remains a fleet you won’t find in any published timetable. But if you’ve ever spotted a plain white 737 or A320 taxiing at sunrise from Mesa, Miami, or San Antonio, you may have already seen it in action.

Riyadh Air Business Elite Suites a New Luxury Option For Flyers

New Saudi Arabian airline Riyadh Air plans to offer its customers a new standard in business travel with its Business Elite suites on its Boeing 789-9 Dreamliner aircraft. The new airline is scheduled to make its first commercial flight before the end of 2025. The company promises that the suites will be comparable to first-class offerings from Emirates, Qatar Airways, and Etihad Airways.

Business Elite Suites Filled With Luxurious Features

Riyadh Air will configure its 789-9 Dreamliners with 28 seats in its business class cabins, four of which will be the “Business Elite” suites arranged in a 1-2-1 layout. They will be loaded with features unique to business class travel. First, the seats will convert to beds that are 78 inches long and 22.5 inches wide. The two center suites can be opened and combined into a double bed. The suites will also have 52-inch walls and sliding doors.

Comfortable Seating in Riyadh Air's Business Elite Suites. | Image: OneMileAtATime.com
Comfortable Seating in Riyadh Air’s Business Elite Suites. | Image: OneMileAtATime.com

The technology of the Business Elite suites truly stands out. Perhaps the most impressive feature will be their 32-inch monitors, larger than in business class on any other airline. The seats will also have speakers integrated into the headrests, so passengers won’t need headphones. Other tech features will include multiple USB and AC power outlets and wireless charging pads.

Riyadh Air is also adding distinctive design elements such as gold and marble-style accents and mood lighting.

The airline wants the Business Elite suites to replace first-class seats, which won’t be on its Dreamliners. So far, they have not announced a price for booking one of the suites.

Overhead View of the Business Elite Suites. | Image: OneMileAtA Time.com
Overhead View of the Business Elite Suites. | Image: OneMileAtA Time.com

“And what you would expect to receive by way of service and amenity in Business Elite will be at the standard of the best of first class,” said Riyadh Air’s CEO, Tony Douglas.

Etihad Airways First-Class Cabins an Expensive Luxury Experience

Riyadh Air’s Business Elite suites will give passengers an alternative to other luxurious and expensive seating options like the Etihad Airways First-Class Apartments on their Airbus A380 aircraft. These large compartments have unique features like private minibars, private lavatories with high-end toiletries, and even in-flight showers. There are nine of the Apartments on each A380.

Leather Armchair in Etihad Airways First Class Apartment. | Image: ThePointsGuy.com
Leather Armchair in Etihad Airways First Class Apartment. | Image: ThePointsGuy.com

The Etihad Airways Apartments also have leather armchairs and separate beds. They do have 24-inch touchscreen monitors, quite a bit smaller than monitors in the Riyadh Air Business Elite suites.

The gourmet meals really stand out on the Etihad Airways Apartments. A recent menu offered many choices including caviar, beef tenderloin, truffle polenta, and a mocha mascarpone tarte.

Bed on Etihad Airways First Class Apartment. | Image: ThePointsGuy.com
Bed on Etihad Airways First Class Apartment. | Image: ThePointsGuy.com

All of this comes at a very high cost, with a typical flight costing between $12,000 and $15,000.

Emirates Provides Unlimited Caviar and Champagne

Emirates’ first-class accommodations also offer luxurious features. These include suites with closing doors, unlimited caviar and champagne, meals on demand, and pajamas. The Emirates A380s also have a bar and showers.

Bar on Emirates A380. | Image: Flighfox.com
Bar on Emirates A380. | Image: Flighfox.com

Like the Etihad Apartments, Emirates’ first-class suites are very expensive. A round-trip flight between New York and Dubai can cost more than $22,000.

Qatar Airways Offer Flexible Seating for Couples and Groups

Qatar Airways’ Qsuites are another premium first-class option. They have closing doors, flexible seating for couples and groups, luxury bedding, and dine-on-demand menus. Depending on the route and time of year, passengers flying in the Qsuites will pay between $6000 and $16,000 for a round-trip flight.

Qatar Airways Qsuite configured for sleeping. | Image: MonkeyMiles.com
Qatar Airways Qsuite configured for sleeping. | Image: MonkeyMiles.com

With the Riyadh Air Business Elite suites classified as business class, it seems logical that they won’t cost as much as the first-class options from Etihad Airways, Emirates, and Qatar Airways. That may make them popular once they begin flying.

The Riyadh Air flights will take time to become established. Initially, they will install the suites in just two of their 72 Boeing Dreamliners. The first flights will be between Saudi Arabia and two, so far unnamed, European cities. The airline will receive one plane per month starting in 2026, and they plan to serve more than 100 destinations by 2030.

You’ve Never Seen a Hangar Like This: Inside The Nest by BLACKBIRD PARTNERS

You don’t need to be an astute observer to notice that hangars—those utilitarian metal boxes that house planes but often lack personality or purpose beyond storage—haven’t really evolved very much since, well…the very dawn of aviation. 

And that’s a problem. You see, most hangars at US airports were built decades ago, back when the “big” jets of the day looked positively petite compared to a modern Gulfstream G700 or Global 8000. Those old hangars weren’t designed for today’s larger wingspans, taller tails, and beefier fuselages. Trying to fit an Ultra Long-Range jet in some of them is like squeezing a yacht into a rowboat’s dock. 

So when I heard about BLACKBIRD PARTNERS, a Greenville, SC-based real estate developer shaking up the aviation world with their innovative hangar concept, called The Nest, I was intrigued. 

Imagine hangars with 140-foot clear spans, 28-foot-tall doors, and the flexibility to house anything from a Vision Jet to the biggest long-range aircraft you can buy (short of a BBJ or ACJ). No squeezing. No crossing your fingers every time you tow in. And no renting space in a shared metal box alongside five other airplanes. 

But The Nest is more than just spacious. BLACKBIRD PARTNERS, the team behind this concept, has combined their backgrounds in jet sales, high-end real estate development, and concrete construction to create hangars that match the way jet owners actually live. We’re talking semi-custom interiors from 3,500–4,000 square feet that can be personalized to your taste, whether that’s a sleek boardroom, a golf simulator lounge, a full bar and kitchen, or even a private lobby.

As BLACKBIRD co-founder Carson Fox told me, “If you’ve got one of the nicest jets in the world, why on earth would you park it in a glorified metal shed?

“If you’ve got one of the nicest jets in the world, why on earth would you park it in a glorified metal shed?”

BLACKBIRD co-founder Carson Fox

That was all the invitation I needed to sit down with Carson and his business partner, Ryan Bedford, to discuss how they’re shaking up the hangar game and why they think The Nest is the future for jet owners who want control, comfort, and a place they’re proud to call home base.

Rear exterior of The Nest
Rear exterior of The Nest | IMAGE: BLACKBIRD PARTNERS

AvGeekery: Let’s start from the beginning. Tell us the story behind BLACKBIRD PARTNERS.

Ryan Bedford and Carson Fox, founders of BLACKBIRD PARTNERS
BLACKBIRD PARTNERS co-founders Ryan Bedford (L) and Carson Fox (R)

RB: We’re primarily a multifamily real estate developer based in Wisconsin. Apartments are our bread and butter—we build, develop, and manage our own units. But we’ve also got this offshoot business: a concrete company that’s now the nation’s largest insulated concrete form contractor. It’s a specialized form of concrete we use to build our apartments, and it’s incredibly durable. 

As that side of the business grew, we found ourselves moving teams all over the country—South Carolina, Florida, Georgia, Utah, you name it. That’s when aviation went from being a convenience to being a necessity for us.  

So, we decided to build our own hangar development at our local airport. And, being real estate developers, we weren’t about to settle for a standard, tin can, crappy-looking hangar. 

Everything we build goes through architectural review boards. Aesthetics matter to us. So we came up with a design that’s a cut above—two models, same look, that make people stop and say, “Now that’s what a hangar should look like.” That concept caught people’s attention, and that’s how I got connected with Carson through mutual acquaintances. He loved the product, loved the idea, and jumped on board right away.

It’s not just a hangar. First, it’s built like a fortress—all concrete, rock-solid. Second, it’s a lifestyle shift. It’s not just a spot to park your plane. In a few weeks, I’m hosting a friend’s wedding in my hangar for 400 people. We’ve had pickleball tournaments, birthday parties—I’ve even got a bounce house in there right now for my kids. It’s an extension of your life, not just a storage unit. We think it can get more people excited about aviation as a lifestyle, instead of settling for the same old rickety, rusty tin can most planes get shoved into.

Golf simulator inside The Nest
One of the personalized touches that can be included in The Nest is a golf simulator | IMAGE: BLACKBIRD PARTNERS

AvGeekery: So it almost becomes a community center in a way?

RB: Yeah–it can be. It’s really just an extension of your house, right? Some people have a vacation house or a lake house—this becomes your hangar, with a dual purpose. 

For instance, our building has three hangars, and each owner uses the space differently. Mine’s all about family—we’ve got a family room where we hang out, host parties, and play pickleball, volleyball, even basketball inside. It’s fun for us. 

Playing pickleball inside The Nest by BLACKBIRD PARTNERS
A pickleball court inside The Nest | IMAGE: BLACKBIRD PARTNERS

Another guy in the building has older kids, so his is more business-oriented. He’s got a boardroom for meeting executives and even a golf simulator to break the ice with clients. It depends on the person, but you can truly make the space your own. That’s what’s unique—it’s not just a hangar.

CF: My background’s a bit different. I came from real estate, then jet brokerage, before joining Ryan on the development side. Ryan touched on it earlier, but I saw the same disconnect over and over working with high-net-worth clients: these people have incredible homes, cars, and offices, but their hangars? Usually just plain metal boxes. It doesn’t match the rest of their lifestyle.

And you mentioned innovation—that’s something Ryan really brought to The Nest at UES (Waukesha County Airport in Waukesha, WI). A couple of things stand out to me: First, hangars are needed all across the U.S., especially in the ultra-long-range jet sector, because so much of the existing infrastructure simply can’t handle these aircraft. Second, owners have rarely had the ability to truly control their own hangar space.

We’re changing that. With us, you own the space on a long-term ground lease, which gives you the control and security you want. And our sole focus is hangars—we’re not moving planes, servicing them, or fueling them. We just want to build the best hangars possible and make BLACKBIRD synonymous with quality.

The Nest at UES
Aerial view of The Nest at UES (Waukesha County Airport, Wisconsin) | IMAGE: BLACKBIRD PARTNERS

AvGeekery: Is The Nest your only product at the moment? 

CF: Yeah, it’s our only product, but we will have multiple locations–two in the next 2.5 years and at least ten by 2030. Down the road, we might launch other products, but for now, The Nest is our focus. It’s the type of hangar space we develop—and will continue developing—in the future.

AvGeekery: Why ‘The Nest?’ Tell us the story behind that. 

RB: We moved away from the word “hangar” because it carries a negative connotation. When you hear “hangar,” you picture those ugly tin-can buildings. We wanted something that speaks to lifestyle, not just storage.

Blackbird was already our company name, and Carson came up with The Nest. I thought it was genius—because that’s where birds live. It’s their home base, not just the place they take flight. Birds could launch from any branch, but the nest is where they return. It fits perfectly with our marketing and the culture we’re building.

CF: It’s a very personal, intimate space—just like a bird’s nest or your own house. Ryan’s hangar is designed for his family, with their needs in mind. Another hangar on the same airfield is for a corporation, completely customized to their operations. Each one reflects the owner.

Screen Shot 2025 08 16 at 12.23.45 AM
IMAGE: BLACKBIRD PARTNERS

AvGeekery: You’re targeting private and business aviation, right? 

CF: Yes. For now, we’re focusing on premium sites—major airports where demand already exists, not second- or third-tier locations. From an investment standpoint, we’re not here to speculate whether traffic will come to an airport or not. For the larger aircraft we’re targeting, we go where the demand is already proven.

Most of our locations will be at large international airports, but some will be at select local airports with more available land. Land is a big challenge—it’s one of the main constraints in this space.

We also prioritize airports that offer on-site US Customs facilities. If you’re flying internationally, you shouldn’t have to land somewhere else just to clear Customs and then reposition your aircraft. With our developments, you land, clear, and go home—all in one stop. No detours. No delays.

Our hangars can accommodate everything from a light jet, like a Vision Jet or TBM, all the way up to ultra-long-range aircraft. Each development includes hangars sized for different categories, and while I’m sure some piston aircraft owners will buy them, that’s not our primary market from a marketing perspective.

AvGeekery: How do you balance the lifestyle-driven appeal of The Nest with the practical needs of aircraft maintenance and ownership?

RB: People in aviation—whether they’re owner-pilots or just ride in the back—see it as a time machine. Time is their most valuable asset, and they want to enjoy it. It’s like someone who’s ultra-high-net-worth and loves boating—they don’t just own a boat they take out now and then; they also have a lake house. They want to be around it, even if they’re not on it. Aviation works the same way. If you have the space, the lifestyle and the aircraft side naturally mesh.

The problem is, until now, no one’s built a facility nice enough to support both. Our hangars have living spaces—golf simulators, pickleball courts, and even basketball courts for the kids in the winter or on rainy days. And right there in the same space? The plane. It’s multi-use by design.

We’ve also made sure the day-to-day experience matches the luxury of the aircraft itself. Every unit includes a fully equipped kitchen with top-tier Wolf appliances, plus spa-like bathrooms with full showers, so owners can freshen up after a flight in comfort that rivals home. The Nest gives owners flexibility, and there’s simply nothing else like it in the market.

Kitchen space inside BLACKBIRD PARTNERS' The Nest
Kitchen space inside The Nest | IMAGE: BLACKBIRD PARTNERS
Living space inside The nest
Living space inside The Nest | IMAGE: BLACKBIRD PARTNERS

CF: Even with a lake house, some people are there every weekend, others just a couple of times a year—it’s the same with The Nest. Some owners will use the space constantly; others might only stop in to shower before or after a flight, or have a team member cook in the kitchen, which we outfit with premium appliances like Wolf.

It’s about flexibility and control. Owners decide how much or how little they want to use it. Either way, they’ve got a premium, private space for their aircraft—no sharing, no compromises.

Right now, shared hangars are a big issue. We see “hangar stuffing” all the time—packing 125 to 150 percent of capacity. That’s when you start seeing hangar rash from overcrowding. Having your own space significantly reduces that risk. It’s about control, and about protecting what’s often a multi-million-dollar asset from unnecessary damage.

RB: One of our current customers is a fractional charter company about to open two of our hangars. They’re using the exact same building design—but as a terminal for their clients. It has the same architectural appeal and structure, just customized with offices, a boardroom, and client amenities. It’s a completely different use, but that’s the point—The Nest adapts to what the owner needs.

Living space inside The Nest
Living space inside The Nest | IMAGE: BLACKBIRD PARTNERS

AvGeekery: How are you preparing for the rise of electric and hybrid aircraft into The Nest?

RB: As electric aircraft become more common—and I believe they’re coming, even if we’re not quite there yet—our hangars are already prepared. I was just talking to someone about an electric-powered glider, which is wild. It’s happening.

Right now, if you’re a piston or turboprop owner, you don’t need much power in your hangar. But as soon as you get into mid-size or super-mid jets, you need that extra power for ground starts. Since we’re designing The Nest to handle those larger jets, the infrastructure is already in place to support electric or hybrid aircraft.

You’ll be able to charge an electric aircraft using the same power systems we’re installing for starting jets. In other words, when that shift comes, we’re ready.

AvGeekery: What’s the most surprising or forward-thinking idea you’ve discussed for future developments?

CF: Honestly, when it comes to how we could make our product stand out, we’ve talked about just about everything. We’re serious about pushing boundaries. Sustainability is a big one—especially with SAF (sustainable aviation fuel), electric planes, and eVTOLs on the horizon.

One project we’re looking at is adding green roofs over the interior spaces. They’d look incredible from the air when you’re coming in to land, and they’d also be good for the environment. That’s a big one for us.

We’re also constantly refining the interiors. Ryan’s Waukesha site is already really impressive—it’s done incredibly well—but it’s still the first iteration. As with any product, there’s always room for improvement. Waukesha is our launch site, but every airport we develop after this will benefit from what we learn along the way.

RB: I’d add that our hangars, as designed and built, are LEED-ready. If a customer wants LEED certification, we can deliver because it’s already built into our system. You can’t do that with a tin-can hangar unless you wrap it in 12 inches of insulation and seal every inch—and even then, it’s not the same.

We’re also working on eliminating traditional sprinkler systems. Our roofs and walls are fire-rated, which reduces costs and avoids liabilities like water damage from sprinklers or foam systems—both of which have destroyed aircraft in the past.

AvGeekery: What’s the most compelling reason for private jet owners to invest in BLACKBIRD PARTNERS’ products?

CF: The product really sells itself because it’s so far ahead of anything else out there. First, it’s about control—aircraft owners want to own their space, and that’s exactly what our developments provide. Depending on the airport, we’ll typically build eight to twelve hangars, so owners can secure their space for the long term and use it however they want.

Second, it’s the lifestyle. Whether you own a Cessna 172 or a Global 8000, most owners are passionate about aviation. Yes, they use their aircraft as a timepiece, but they also genuinely enjoy being around it. The Nest lets them do more than just fly—it’s a space for events, charity functions, or simply preparing for a trip in a premium, upscale, and private environment. It’s a piece of home at the airport.

Wedding at The Nest
The Nest is a perfect location to celebrate special occasions | IMAGE: BLACKBIRD PARTNERS

Third, it’s location, location, location—the golden rule of real estate. We’re developing at prime airports, so owners get a spot exactly where they’ve always wanted to be.

RB: And location isn’t just about the airport—it’s about where you are on that airport. We want to partner with top FBOs to service these aircraft.

Take two owners as an example: one might own a CJ4 and tug and fuel it themselves. Another might own a Falcon 7X. They’re going to want the FBO to handle all of that: towing, fueling, maintenance, everything an FBO normally does in a shared hangar. We want those services available in their personal hangar.

Exterior of The Nest
Exterior of The Nest | IMAGE: BLACKBIRD PARTNERS

That’s why proximity to the right FBO matters, and why we’re looking at creating service agreements with them for handling, fueling, and more. It’s about building the best product, partnering with the best service providers, and creating a true aviation community.

We’ve already implemented this model at our Waukesha location and will continue to do so at all future sites. In cases where land is available but no existing FBO is adjacent to us, we plan to partner with an FBO operator and co-develop the facilities in tandem. It’s all about ensuring that aircraft owners not only have top-tier hangar space but also seamless access to elite FBO services right next door.


BLACKBIRD PARTNERS: Building Hangars Statements

Carson and Ryan aren’t in the business of building hangars. They’re in the business of building statements. The Nest isn’t just where a jet sleeps—it’s where ownership begins to feel like possession, and possession becomes experience.

And as Super Midsize and Ultra Long Range jets dominate the skies as the fastest-growing segments in private aviation, BLACKBIRD PARTNERS is designing specifically for them. Bigger bays, smarter layouts, and interiors that blur the line between flight prep and home life aren’t just luxuries—they’re necessities for aircraft that demand more from the ground up.

Boardroom or golf simulator. Pickleball court or private lounge. If you can dream it, they can house it…right alongside your jet.

For BLACKBIRD PARTNERS, square footage isn’t the most important aspect of a hangar. Rather, it’s about control, privacy, and a space that reflects the aircraft’s owner as much as the aircraft itself. As Carson told me, it’s “a piece of home at the airport.” A place where a trip to Tokyo starts in your own kitchen, and your hangar key unlocks more than a door—it unlocks a way of living.

In a business aviation world racing toward bigger, faster, more advanced aircraft, BLACKBIRD is ensuring the ground game keeps pace. The Wright Brothers may have invented flight, but The Nest is reinventing where it lands.



For more information on The Nest and BLACKBIRD PARTNERS, please visit blackbirdpartners.com

AvGeekery extends sincere gratitude to Carson, Ryan, and the team at BLACKBIRD PARTNERS for their time and openness in sharing their vision with our readers today. 

President Trump Flexes B-2 and F-35s Over Putin in Alaska

President Donald Trump flexed American airpower today upon meeting Vladimir Putin in Alaska, with a B-2 stealth bomber and four F-35s flying over Russia’s leader to greet him on American soil.

The U.S. Air Force B-2 just recently conducted bombing strikes on underground nuclear facilities in Iran, named Operation Midnight Hammer. They dealt a major blow to any Iranian nuclear ambitions in the near future.

The two world leaders met at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson in Anchorage, with Trump welcoming Putin on a red carpet backdropped by Air Force One, and with F-22s.

Two B-2s arrived at the base from Whiteman AFB, MO on Friday. The F-35s were from Eilson AFB in Fairbanks.

Ending Russia’s war in Ukraine?

Their highly-anticipated meeting has the world hopeful for an end finally to the war in Ukraine. It has become the largest land conflict in Europe since WWII.

That is, ultimately, everyone’s goal. However the President has stated this meeting is not to end the war and broker a deal on Ukraine’s behalf, but rather get Putin back to the negotiating table.

Ukraine’s President Volodymyr Zelensky is not attending, but says he is “counting on America.”

The Final Flight: Ravn Alaska’s Quiet Exit Marks the End of a 77-Year Legacy

On 5 August 2025, Ravn Alaska shut down operations for the second—and final—time. 

The Anchorage-based regional carrier, long considered a cornerstone of Alaska’s intra-state connectivity, quietly folded after nearly 77 years of service. Its collapse leaves behind a fragmented regional network and raises concerns about the long-term viability of rural air service in one of the most aviation-dependent regions in the world.

The company’s last flight, operated between Valdez Airport (VDZ) and Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport (ANC), touched down without ceremony. Days later, the airline’s website displayed a final statement: “We appreciate the years of service we were able to provide to Alaska communities. While we are no longer operating flights in Alaska, we’re grateful for the trust you placed in us during our time serving the region.”

Current CEO Tom Hsieh confirmed to the Anchorage Daily News that all flights “have been canceled.” No official figure has been released on job losses, though the carrier employed at least 270 people at the time of closure.

The Ravn Alaska website as of 15 August 2025 announcing its closure | IMAGE: Ravn Alaska
The Ravn Alaska website as of 15 August 2025 announcing its closure | IMAGE: Ravn Alaska

From Bush Beginnings to Regional Mainstay

Era Alaska Beech 1900C
An Era Alaska Beechcraft 1900C | IMAGE: Ravn Alaska

Ravn’s origins stretch back to 1948, when pilot Carl Brady founded Economy Helicopters. Under US government contracts, Brady flew Bell 47s to map Alaska’s vast and unmapped interior (remember: Alaska wasn’t granted statehood until 1959). In the 1950s, the company became Era Helicopters, and in 1967, it was purchased by Houston-based offshore drilling contractor Rowan Companies. Initially used to support oil exploration and the construction of the Alyeska Pipeline, Era expanded into fixed-wing operations with De Havilland Twin Otters and Convair 580s to serve isolated towns.

By 1983, Era Aviation had evolved into a scheduled passenger carrier, connecting communities such as Valdez, Kenai, Kodiak, Cordova, Bethel, and Homer. Over the following decades, a web of mergers—including Hageland Aviation and Corvus Airlines—and acquisitions such as the 2017 purchase of defunct Yute Air’s assets, formed what became known as the Ravn Air Group.

Rebranded Ravn Alaska in 2014, the airline at its height operated more than 70 aircraft to over 100 destinations, including many communities accessible only by air. Its fleet history is a cross-section of Alaskan bush flying itself: Beechcraft 1900s, Cessna Caravans and 207s, Piper Navajos, Twin Otters, Convair 580s, Dash 7s, and finally, its core fleet of Dash 8-100s and -300s.

A Ravn Alaska route map at its peak
A Ravn Alaska Route Map at its peak | IMAGE: Ravn Alaska

Ravn Alaska Fleet History (1948–2025)

EraAircraft TypeRole/Notes
1948–1960sBell 47The starting point — Carl Brady’s Economy Helicopters used Bell 47s for U.S. government mapping contracts, helping chart Alaska’s still-unmapped interior.
1950s–1970sDe Havilland Canada DHC-3 OtterEarly bush operations expanded to fixed-wing; rugged STOL performer ideal for short gravel strips and lake landings.
1970s–1980sDe Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin OtterA workhorse in Alaska’s villages; reliable in extreme cold and short-field environments, connecting communities without paved runways.
1970s–1990sConvair 580Era’s first real “mainline” aircraft; carried passengers and cargo on longer routes such as Anchorage–Bethel and Anchorage–Kodiak, often in challenging weather.
1970s–1980sPiper NavajoTwin piston aircraft for low-volume scheduled service and light cargo, bridging the gap between bush planes and larger turboprops.
1980s–1990sCessna 207A true village lifeline; carried mail, groceries, and passengers to isolated settlements on some of Alaska’s shortest and roughest strips.
1980s–2010sBeechcraft 1900C/DStaple of commuter and EAS operations; served small towns on tight schedules, often as the only link to the road system.
1980s–2000sCessna 208 CaravanA versatile passenger/cargo hauler; suited for mixed loads and flexible routing, frequently flown in marginal weather.
1980s–1990sDe Havilland Canada DHC-7 Dash 7Four-engine STOL turboprop used on runways too short for most regional aircraft, including some Aleutian and bush destinations.
2010s–2025De Havilland Canada DHC-8-100 (37-seat)The backbone of the revived Ravn fleet under FLOAT Shuttle; served 12 key Alaskan destinations until the 2025 shutdown.
2010s–2025De Havilland Canada DHC-8-300 (50-seat)Single example used on higher-demand routes; offered more seats while retaining short-field capabilities.

Turbulence During the Pandemic

Ravn Alaska Dash 8s on the ramp at ANC
Ravn Alaska Dash 8s on the ramp at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport (ANC) | IMAGE: Ravn Alaska

In April 2020, COVID-19 grounded Ravn’s fleet and forced a Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing. The sudden halt stranded thousands in rural Alaska, prompting state and federal agencies to scramble for emergency service providers.

The airline’s assets were purchased later that year by California-based FLOAT Shuttle, which relaunched Ravn in late 2020 with a trimmed-down fleet of Dash 8-100s and a renewed focus on scheduled passenger service to 12 core destinations.

Modernization Dreams, Unmet

Under FLOAT ownership, Ravn leaned into a sustainability narrative, announcing a 2021 letter of intent for 50 electric short takeoff and landing (eSTOL) aircraft from Airflow. This was followed by an MOU with ZeroAvia to explore hydrogen-electric retrofits for its Dash 8 fleet. While the announcements generated industry buzz, neither project reached implementation before the airline’s final grounding.

Retrenchment and Fleet Pressure

A Ravn Alaska Dash 8 at Kenai
A Ravn Alaska Dash 8 at Kenai Municipal Airport (ENA) in Kenai, AK | IMAGE: Ravn Alaska

By 2024, warning signs had returned. Ravn trimmed service to parts of the Aleutians, laid off 130 employees, and withdrew from certain Essential Air Service (EAS) routes. Then, in early 2025, the airline informed the US Department of Transportation of a “significant and unanticipated” reduction in available aircraft after Canadian lessor Avmax declined to renew leases on multiple Dash 8-100s.

With few viable replacements in the market and capital constraints limiting options, the network rapidly unraveled.

One of Ravn Alaska's final route maps
One of Ravn Alaska’s final route maps shows a drastically reduced intra-Alaska network | IMAGE: Ravn Alaska

A Silent Departure

Ravn Alaska Dash 8-300
A Ravn Alaska Dash 8-300 in the hangar at ANC | IMAGE: Ravn Alaska

The final shutdown came with little public forewarning. On 5 August 2025, Ravn stopped all flights and quietly informed regulators and partners. The rapidity of the exit contrasted sharply with the high-profile 2020 grounding.

Ravn was the artery between the bush and the world. When it stopped, everything slowed down.

Former Ravn Alaska pilot

For many in rural Alaska, the impact was immediate. As one former pilot described, “Ravn was the artery between the bush and the world. When it stopped, everything slowed down.”

Parent Company: New Pacific’s Narrower Horizons

Ravn Alaska's parent company, New Pacific Airlines (formerly Northern Pacific Airlines)
Northern Pacific Airways launched in 2022 | IMAGE: Mike Killian Photo

Ravn’s parent company, New Pacific Airlines, remains operational but in drastically scaled-back form. Originally launched in 2022 under the name Northern Pacific Airways, the startup aimed to replicate the Icelandair model by connecting North America and Asia through Anchorage with a fleet of aging Boeing 757-200s, initially delivered to USAir in the early 1990s. However, persistent regulatory delays and shifting market conditions have kept the airline from launching scheduled service. Today, New Pacific operates only charter flights.

Interestingly, New Pacific’s own corporate heritage traces back to Ravn’s roots, founded on 20 June 1948, as Economy Helicopters. In a twist of aviation lineage, the same entity that began with a single Bell helicopter mapping Alaska has ended its scheduled passenger operations, now surviving only through its charter division.

Implications for Rural Aviation

Ravn Alaska Dash 8
A Ravn Alaska Dash 8 basking in the early spring sun after a winter of darkness | IMAGE: Ravn Alaska

Ravn’s demise underscores the fragility of high-cost, low-margin regional aviation in extreme geographies. Alaska’s vast distances, unpredictable weather, and heavy reliance on air service make carriers particularly vulnerable to fluctuations in fuel costs, aircraft availability, and labor markets.

While carriers such as Ryan Air, Grant Aviation, and Alaska Airlines’ Ravn Connect partners have stepped in to cover certain routes, no operator matches Ravn’s former scale. The long-term consequences for rural connectivity remain uncertain.

For much of its history, many Alaskans considered Ravn not just an airline but part of their state’s infrastructure. Its flight schedules were the lifeblood of villages, clinics, and supply chains across a state where road access is the exception, not the rule.  

The Alaska skies are quieter now, but the need Ravn once met remains: urgent, constant, and still without a clear solution.

Rare Russian Visitor: Ilyushin Il-96 Lands in Anchorage Ahead of High-Profile Summit

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First things first: this post is strictly about aviation. It is not about politics, and we ask that comments and discussion focus on the unique aviation aspect of this event — specifically the Ilyushin Il-96.

A Rare Arrival on American Soil

Route map of Russian Il-96 that landed in ANC
Russian Federation Il-96 took the polar route from VKO-ANC | IMAGE: FlightAware

On Thursday, 14 August 2025, an Ilyushin Il-96-300PU — the VIP transport variant of Russia’s long-range four-engine Il-96 airliner — touched down at Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport (ANC) just after sunrise.

Operating as Special Flight Detachment Rossiya 381 (RSD381), registration RA-96023, the jet departed Moscow Vnukovo (VKO) at 0750 local time, arriving in Anchorage at 0641 local time. The flight took a polar route across the Arctic to reach Alaska.

Such a routing required special airspace exemptions, as Russian-registered aircraft remain banned from American airspace under current restrictions. These exceptions are rarely granted, making today’s arrival particularly significant.

Multiple Russian Aircraft Heading to ANC

Ilyushin Il-96-300
An Ilyushin Il-96 in flight | IMAGE: Fisch

While online speculation suggested President Vladimir Putin might have been aboard, the Kremlin denied this, stating that the flight carried an advance team and senior members of the Russian delegation, along with forward support and security personnel.

At the time of writing, at least three other Russian government flights — including two additional Il-96-300s (RSD171 and RSD308) — were inbound to ANC. A Bombardier Global Express (JTC9580) was also en route from Vnukovo.

It’s worth noting that, if President Putin were to arrive, Elmendorf — not ANC — would be the likely landing point. The same applies to US President Donald Trump, who is expected to arrive at Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson (JBER) for Friday’s summit.

Summit Context and Geographic Significance

Little Diomede, Alaska, USA
LITTLE DIOMEDE, Alaska – The native village of Little Diomede sits just 2.4 miles from the border of Russia and the United States | IMAGE: US Coast Guard Photo by Petty Officer Richard Brahm

The Trump–Putin meeting, set for 15 August at 1130 local time (1530 EDT), will take place at JBER, which is located roughly 14 miles northeast of ANC and just over eight miles from downtown Anchorage. Strategically, Elmendorf is only about 630 miles from Russia’s Chukotka region.

Only 2.4 miles and the International Date Line separate Russia’s Big Diomede Island from America’s Little Diomede Island in the Bering Strait, underscoring Alaska’s geographic proximity to Russia.

This will be the first time Trump and Putin have met on US soil, and the first time Putin has visited the United States in a decade.

The Aircraft: “Flying Kremlin” vs. Air Force One

Il-96-300PU vs VC-25A comparison
A comparison of Russia’s Ilyushin Il-96-300PU “Flying Kremlin” vs USA’s VC-25A “Air Force One”

The Il-96-300PU (PU = Punkt Upravleniya, “Command Post”) is the Russian counterpart to the United States’ VC-25A Air Force One. Though about 50 feet shorter, the Il-96-300PU’s wingspan is slightly longer than that of the VC-25A.

Base Aircraft

  • Ilyushin Il-96-300PU: Based on the Ilyushin Il-96-300, first introduced in the early 1990s, powered by 4 × Aviadvigatel PS-90A turbofans, entirely Russian-built.
  • Boeing VC-25A: Based on the Boeing 747-200B, first introduced in 1990, powered by 4 × GE CF6-80C2B1 turbofans, globally recognized.

Size & Performance

FeatureIl-96-300PUVC-25A
Length181 ft 6 in (55.3 m)231 ft 10 in (70.7 m)
Wingspan197 ft 2 in (60.1 m)64.4 m (211 ft 5 in)
MTOW551,000 lb (~250,000 kg)833,000 lb (~375,000 kg)
Range6,835 mi (~11,000 km)7,800 mi (~12,550 km)
Cruise SpeedMach 0.80 (~850 km/h)Mach 0.84 (~900 km/h)
Passenger Capacity (commercial version)~262–300~400+ (commercial), ~70–100 in VC-25A VIP layout

Special Modifications

  • Il-96-300PU: Secure communications, encrypted data links, conference rooms, private offices, medical facilities, defensive countermeasures, hardened electronics for EMP resistance, possible in-flight refueling.
  • VC-25A: EMP-hardened, secure satellite comms, aerial refueling, anti-missile systems, onboard medical suite, and extensive staff capacity.

Il-96 Visits to the US: Rare but Not Unprecedented

Il-96-300PU on official duty
Rossiya – Special Flight Detachment Il-96-300PU | IMAGE: Bui Tuan Khiem

The Ilyushin Il-96-300 is an uncommon visitor to the United States, but not entirely absent:

  • Routine Diplomatic Flights: Several times a year for diplomatic staff rotations (per Russian MFA).
  • Notable Flights: March 2022 (Washington Dulles), June 2023 (New York/DC), December 2024 (New York/DC), June 2025 (New York).

    Political and logistical constraints — particularly the airspace ban — mean that each appearance is an aviation event in its own right.

Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport and Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson

Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson
Joint Base Elmendorf-Richardson | IMAGE: By Airman 1st Class Andrew Britten – USAF – Public Domain

Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport is a world-class cargo hub, but VIP arrivals of Russian four-engine aircraft are rare. Joint Base Elmendorf–Richardson (JBER) in Anchorage, Alaska, was formed in 2010 by merging Elmendorf Air Force Base with Fort Richardson. The installation spans approximately 25,899 hectares and serves as a major joint military hub. It hosts key units including the 673rd Air Base Wing, the 3rd Wing, the 176th Wing, and the headquarters for Alaskan Command, Alaskan NORAD Region, and other critical operational commands.

The 673rd Air Base Wing supports over 5,500 joint military and civilian personnel, operates one of the Air Force’s largest hospital facilities in the Pacific region, and provides comprehensive medical services to more than 35,000 servicemembers, dependents, and veterans. It also manages and maintains base infrastructure valued at roughly $11.4 billion.

Strategically located at the intersection of the Arctic and Asia-Pacific regions, JBER plays a vital role in air sovereignty, combat readiness, Arctic operations, and rapid global mobility. Its dual Air Force–Army structure enables integrated joint training, large-scale exercises, and rapid deployment capabilities unmatched by most U.S. installations.

JBER features two main runways:

  • RWY 06/24: 10,000 ft (~3,048 m)
  • RWY 16/34: 7,500–8,033 ft, being extended to 10,000 ft (~2,284–2,447 m)

Elmendorf is no stranger to hosting high-profile historic events. It hosted the 1971 meeting between President Nixon and Emperor Hirohito, the first-ever meeting between a US president and a reigning Japanese emperor.

Aerial image of Elmendorf AFB
Aerial image of Elmendorf AFB | IMAGE: By United States Geological Survey (USGS) – USGS The National Map, via MSR Maps (formerly TerraServer-USA), Public Domain
FeatureDetails
BaseJoint Base Elmendorf–Richardson (JBER), Anchorage, Alaska
Total Area~25,899 hectares
Host Units673rd Air Base Wing, 3rd Wing, 176th Wing, Alaskan Command HQ, Alaskan NORAD Region HQ, other joint operational commands
Personnel Supported~5,500 joint military and civilian personnel
Medical SupportServices for ~35,000 servicemembers, dependents, and veterans
Infrastructure Value~$11.4 billion
Runway 06/24~3,048 m (~10,000 ft), asphalt
Runway 16/34Historically ~2,284–2,447 m (7,500–8,033 ft), extended in 2023 to 10,000 ft; final ILS installation pending
Extension Project+2,900 ft; ~$309M; includes new taxiways, shoulders, lighting, grading, drainage; southern threshold shifted ~400 ft north; northern expansion ~2,500 ft underway
Strategic RoleAir sovereignty, Arctic operations, rapid global mobility, joint Army–Air Force training and deployment hub

Flight Restrictions

ANC TFR for 15 Aug 25
FAA TFR Notice for ANC region on 15 Aug 25 | IMAGE: FAA

The FAA has issued a Temporary Flight Restriction (TFR) for a 30-mile radius around Anchorage from 0915 to 1615 local time on Friday, 15 August. Commercial traffic at ANC should remain largely unaffected, but all pilots are urged to file flight plans and maintain radio contact. NORAD warns it will respond to any unauthorized aircraft entering the TFR.

A Vanishing Type

Russian Il-96-300
A Russian government Il-96-300 | IMAGE: By Sergey Riabsev – http://www2.airliners.net/photo/Russia-State-Transport/Ilyushin-Il-96-300/1148350/L/, GFDL 1.2, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=5896428

In the commercial world, the Ilyushin Il-96 is now a near-extinct species. Only Cubana still lists the type in its fleet, and even in their case, only two of the type exist (and only one is listed as active).

Cubana Il-96-300
A Cubana Il-96-300 on approach to Beijing Capital International Airport (PEK) | IMAGE: By N509FZ – Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=74238532

In Russia, just 18 Il-96-300s remain in active service, including 11 active airframes with the Russian government, tasked with official transport duties.

Born in the twilight years of the Soviet Union, the Il-96 was their answer to Western long-haul giants from Airbus and Boeing. It combined the spirit of Cold War engineering with ambitions of global reach, yet it never gained the international foothold its designers envisioned. That history makes its arrival in Anchorage not just rare, but a fleeting echo of another aviation era.

Whatever the geopolitical backdrop, the sight of a four-engine Russian widebody touching down at ANC in 2025 is a gift for spotters and us avgeeks. Even in an age ruled by efficient twin-engine airliners, an aircraft can still catch you off guard and spark a sense of wonder. For a brief moment on the tarmac, history, technology, and human curiosity converge, proving that aviation can transcend borders, bridging differences to unite those who share a passion for flight.

Spirit Airlines’ Future in Jeopardy After Stunning Going-Concern Disclosure

On 11 August, Spirit Airlines dropped a bombshell in its quarterly filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission: a going-concern warning.

For those who’ve read enough 10-Qs to know, that’s the big red flag no airline wants on its record. It’s essentially management’s formal admission that there is “substantial doubt” about the company’s ability to keep operating over the next 12 months without drastic changes or an infusion of cash.

For Spirit, this comes just five months after emerging from bankruptcy, making the timing particularly troubling.

Um, What Exactly is a Going-Concern Warning?

Spirit Airlines Airbus A321neo
A Spirit Airlines Airbus A321neo | IMAGE: Spirit Airlines

In finance terms, a going-concern warning is more than just an “Uh-oh.” It’s the legal signal that the company might not make it another year under current conditions. Auditors and management issue these when they believe the business may struggle to meet its obligations, avoid default, or stave off liquidation.

As the filing spells out, Spirit “continued to be affected by adverse market conditions, including elevated domestic capacity and continued weak demand for domestic leisure travel in the second quarter of 2025, resulting in a challenging pricing environment.”

In Spirit’s case, the warning points directly to its post-bankruptcy debt agreements and a potentially deal-breaking issue with its credit card processor. The processor has told Spirit it will need more collateral to keep the partnership going after 31 December. Without that agreement in place, Spirit risks losing the ability to process ticket payments the way it does now, a nightmare scenario for any airline.

Spirit’s Tumultuous Few Years

Spirit Airlines and JetBlue Airways
A Spirit Airlines jet taxis past a JetBlue Airbus at the gate at Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport (FLL) | IMAGE: Photo by Randolph Rojas on Unsplash

Spirit’s current troubles are made more jarring by how quickly they have surfaced after its March 2025 bankruptcy exit. That restructuring trimmed debt and was meant to stabilize operations. It was also historic — Spirit was the first major U.S. airline to enter bankruptcy protection since American Airlines in 2011.

The airline had already endured a turbulent few years: failed merger attempts, a full bankruptcy process, and a partial reinvention of its product. Under then-CEO Ted Christie, Spirit moved to attract a more premium customer base. That meant rolling out a premium economy option, adding extra-legroom seating, revamping its frequent flyer program, and expanding partnerships to boost revenue per passenger. Those initiatives paid off better than expected compared to the “bare bottom” fares the ULCC was known for (remember when their bright yellow engines proudly declared Spirit was home of the “bare fare”?).

But the bigger picture was less rosy. In April 2025, Christie stepped down, and Dave Davis — formerly president and CFO of Sun Country Airlines — took over as CEO. Now Davis must confront a solvency crisis head-on.

The Market Is Not Playing Nice

Spirit Airlines at MYR
A pair of Spirit Airlines Airbus aircraft at Myrtle Beach International Airport (MYR) | IMAGE: Myrtle Beach International Airport via Facebook

The Dania Beach-based carrier’s troubles go beyond internal challenges. The US domestic market is oversupplied with seats, particularly in the leisure segment where Spirit competes most aggressively. Compounding the issue are ongoing problems with Pratt & Whitney PW1100G-JM geared turbofan (GTF) engines, tied to contaminated powdered metal used in certain components. These issues have forced the grounding of numerous Airbus aircraft worldwide, further limiting available capacity. Layer onto that an economy showing signs of strain, and you have a recipe for weaker demand from budget-conscious travelers, who are often the first to scale back travel plans when times get tough.

Spirit has cut capacity by more than one million seats compared to last year, even as it has added destinations like Key West International Airport (EYW), Middle Georgia Regional Airport (MCN) in Macon, Georgia, Philip S. W. Goldson International Airport (BZE) in Belize City, Belize, and Owen Roberts International Airport (GCM) in Grand Cayman, Cayman Islands.

The airline has also announced it will furlough about 270 pilots and demote 140, beginning on 1 November. This contraction marks the third round of pilot furloughs or downgrades since September 2024.

Spirit Must Merge, Shrink, or Face the Endgame

Spirit Airlines Airbus A320neo
Spirit Airlines Airbus A320neo | IMAGE: Spirit Airlines

Spirit’s filing makes it plain: without new cash, default looms. Management is weighing options, including selling additional aircraft, real estate, and even airport gates. However, they admit these moves may not be enough, conceding, “There can be no assurance that such initiatives will be successful.” 

The options on the table sound familiar to anyone who has followed Spirit’s recent history: merge, shrink, or liquidate. The JetBlue deal died in 2024 after DOJ intervention. Talks with Frontier resumed last October, but Spirit rejected the offer, citing costs, risks, and the chance regulators would block it again.

Given the warning in the 10-Q, the window for Spirit to pull off a successful merger—or even a survival-level restructuring—is closing fast.

Spirit now finds itself at an unenviable crossroads. With a going-concern warning on record, a CEO just months into the job, and an airline model under pressure from both market oversaturation and macroeconomic headwinds, the next 12 months will determine whether the flying school buses remain a fixture at US airports or join the ranks of carriers that couldn’t make it through the turbulence.

Famed Apollo Astronaut Jim Lovell has Passed Away

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Famed Apollo astronaut Jim Lovell has passed away at age 97. His legendary life and career touched many, even becoming a household name in 1970 when he radioed to Earth “Houston, we have a problem” and limped 250,000 miles home from the moon in a crippled spacecraft on Apollo 13.

NASA’s current acting Administrator Sean Duffy said Lovell died Thursday in Lake Forest, Illinois.

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Famed Apollo Astronaut Jim Lovell has Passed Away 56

“NASA sends its condolences to the family of Capt. Jim Lovell, whose life and work inspired millions of people across the decades,” said Duffy. “Jim’s character and steadfast courage helped our nation reach the Moon and turned a potential tragedy into a success from which we learned an enormous amount. We mourn his passing even as we celebrate his achievements.”

Lovell’s family released the following statement:

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Famed Apollo Astronaut Jim Lovell has Passed Away 57

“We are enormously proud of his amazing life and career accomplishments, highlighted by his legendary leadership in pioneering human space flight. But, to all of us, he was Dad, Granddad, and the Leader of our family. Most importantly, he was our Hero. We will miss his unshakeable optimism, his sense of humor, and the way he made each of us feel we could do the impossible. He was truly one of a kind.”

Lovell was a key player in NASA’s success reaching the moon

Tom Hanks of course would make Lovell famous to a new generation in the 1995 movie, but that wasn’t his only trip to the moon.

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Famed Apollo Astronaut Jim Lovell has Passed Away 58

Apollo 13 was actually Lovell’s second moonshot. Lovell was a key player in NASA’s success reaching the moon. He also flew Apollo 8, the very first humans to fly to the moon. After all, someone had to prove humans could fly there at all, before Neil and Buzz could attempt the first landing.

Lovell and his crewmates on Apollo 8 were struck most by how beautiful Earth looked from the moon, and captured arguably one of the most iconic photos in history as they watched the Earth rise over the moon’s surface as they flew into “Earthrise”.

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Famed Apollo Astronaut Jim Lovell has Passed Away 59

Lovell always looked back on that flight fondly, noting that they went to discover the moon, and instead they discovered Earth.

In total Lovell flew to space 4 times; twice with Apollo and twice before that on Gemini missions 7 and 12. Apollo 13 was his final space mission.

Lovell was a Navy fighter pilot

Before becoming an astronaut for NASA, Lovell was a Navy fighter pilot, with many achievement and awards for his service.

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CHICAGO – FEBRUARY 11: Captain James A. Lovell, Jr. attends the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library Foundation’s Lincoln Leadership Prize ceremony at the Four Seasons Hotel on February 11, 2010 in Chicago, Illinois. (Photo by Barry Brecheisen/WireImage)

According to his NASA bio, Lovell had numerous aviator assignments, including a 4-year tour as a test pilot at Naval Air Test Center, Patuxent River, Maryland as Program Manager for the F4H “Phantom” Fighter.

He also served as Safety Engineer with the Fighter Squadron 101 at Naval Air Station, Oceana, Virginia.

Lovell logged more than 7,000 hours flying time, with more than 3,500 hours in jet aircraft.

Enola Gay: The Story of the Most Historic Boeing B-29

Enola Gay Was a Specially Modified Aircraft for an Unthinkable Secret Task

There once was a B-29 Superfortress bomber known to entire generations of Americans. That B-29, actually a B-29-45-MO, Army Air Forces serial number 44-86292, was built not by Boeing, but by the Glenn L. Martin Company at its plant in Bellevue, Nebraska. By no means unique but certainly rare, 44-86292 was one of the first 15 Silverplate B-29s. Specially modified to do an unthinkable but necessary job, this well-known B-29 was named Enola Gay- the B-29 that dropped the first atomic bomb.

Colonel Tibbets in Enola Gay. Image via USAF
Colonel Tibbets in Enola Gay. Image via USAF

Silverplates

Silverplate B-29s were modified to enable them to carry the atomic bombs of their day. Revisions to these special Superforts included pneumatically operated bomb bay doors, dual redundant British bomb attachment and release systems, improved Wright R-3350-41 Duplex-Cyclone turbo-supercharged radial engines with revised fuel injection and cooling systems turning reversible propellers, and the removal of the dorsal and ventral remote-controlled gun turrets. A weaponeer crew position was added in the cockpit area.

B-29 Enola Gay. Image via USAF
B-29 Enola Gay. Image via USAF

Hand-Picked by Tibbets Himself

Colonel Paul Warfield Tibbets Jr. personally selected 44-86292 while the aircraft was still being assembled at the Martin plant on 9 May 1945. Tibbets, the commander of the 509th Composite Group, later named the bomber Enola Gay after his mother.

After the B-29 was accepted by the United States Army Air Forces (USAAF) on 18 May 1945 it was assigned to the 393rd Bombardment Squadron (BS) of the 509th. The aircraft was flown to the 509th base at Wendover Army Air Field (AAF) in Utah, on 14 June 1945.

Colonel Tibbets with Enola Gay. Image via USAF
Colonel Tibbets with Enola Gay. Image via USAF

Wearing False Colors

Just shy of two weeks later, 44-86292 was on its way to Guam in the Marianas Islands. There the aircraft had its bomb bay modified, after which it was flown to North Field on Tinian on 6 July 1945. From there the bomber flew eight practice/training flights, usually flown by a different aircraft commander- Captain Robert A. Lewis.

Lewis also flew two missions in late July to drop 10,000 pound pumpkin bombs on industrial targets- first on Kobe and then on Nagoya. The tail identification markings on 44-86292 were those of a different squadron to maintain secrecy. On 31 July 1945, 44-86292 flew a rehearsal flight for the atomic bomb mission.

B-29 Enola Gay. Image via USAF
B-29 Enola Gay. Image via USAF

Squabble Over the Iconic Name

During preparations for the atomic mission on 5 August, Tibbets officially named 44-86292 Enola Gay. Allan L. Karl painted the name in the aircraft. This did not please Lewis, who believed as aircraft commander he was being slighted. Lewis flew the mission with Tibbets as co-pilot. The B-29 had to be lifted using a special rig so the atomic bomb could be loaded into its forward bomb bay. The B-29 departed North Field in the company of two other Silverplate B-29s:  The Great Artiste, carrying instrumentation, and an additional B-29 to take photographs.

B-29 Enola Gay returning to North Field. Image via USAF
B-29 Enola Gay returning to North Field. Image via USAF

The Release and Return

The three B-29s proceeded to Iwo Jima, where they rendezvoused and set course for Japan. The three bombers arrived over Hiroshima with clear skies and unlimited visibility (CAVU) conditions at 32,333 feet altitude. The weapon, unarmed to that point in the mission, was armed, and the safety devices were removed.

Released at 0815 local time, the “Little Boy” bomb took 43 seconds to fall from 31,600 feet. Enola Gay traveled 11.5 miles before the shock waves from the blast were felt onboard. The plane returned safely to North Field at 1458 local time after 12 hours and 13 minutes in the air. Tibbets received the Distinguished Service Cross after the return of the Enola Gay.

B-29 Enola Gay post-mission. Image via Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum
B-29 Enola Gay post-mission. Image via Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum

Enola Gay Also Flew the Second Mission

Enola Gay was flown by a different crew as a weather reconnaissance ship during the Nagasaki mission on August 9th. After that the bomber did not fly another wartime mission. The 509th and Enola Gay flew stateside to Roswell AAF and operated there from November 1945 until May of 1946, when the plane flew west to another Pacific destination- this time Kwajalein for Operation Crossroads. 44-86292 was not selected to fly the mission to drop an atomic bomb on Bikini Atoll.

Later in 1946, it was removed from USAAF inventory and transferred to the Smithsonian Institution. The well-known bomber was then ferried from one Air Force Base to another until 1961, when Enola Gay was disassembled and trucked to the Smithsonian Institution storage facility in Suitland, Maryland.

B-29 Enola Gay restored. Image via Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum
B-29 Enola Gay restored. Image via Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum

Controversy Over History

Enola Gay was embroiled in controversy during the 1980s when veterans groups expressed interest in displaying the historic aircraft in Washington. Politics ensued, delaying display of the bomber until only the fuselage was displayed at the National Air and Space Museum (NASM) in recognition of the 50th anniversary of the Hiroshima mission- amid inevitable controversy. The aircraft was restored, completely assembled, and has since 2003 been on display at NASM’s Steven F. Udvar-Hazy Center.

B-29 Enola Gay. Image via Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum
B-29 Enola Gay. Image via Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum

The Crew of the Enola Gay

The crew of the Enola Gay on her 6 August 1945 mission were pilot and aircraft commander Colonel Paul W. Tibbets Jr., co-pilot Captain Robert A. Lewis, bombardier Major Thomas Ferebee, navigator Captain Theodore “Dutch” Van Kirk, weaponeer and mission commander Captain William S. Parsons, USN, radar countermeasures officer First Lieutenant Jacob Beser, assistant weaponeer Second Lieutenant Morris R. Jeppson, tail gunner Staff Sergeant George R. “Bob” Caron, flight engineer Staff Sergeant Wyatt E. Duzenbury, radar operator Sergeant Joe S. Stiborik, assistant flight engineer Sergeant Robert H. Shumard, and VHF radio operator Private First Class Richard H. Nelson.

Crew of the Enola Gay. Image via USAF
Crew of the Enola Gay. Image via USAF

Alaska Airlines Adds Service To London and Iceland, Debuts New 787 Livery

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Alaska Airlines continues its expansion of international operations as it announced two new nonstop routes from Seattle. Beginning in spring of 2026, Alaska will launch service from its Seattle Hub to London Heathrow and Reykjavik, Iceland. The service to London will be operated utilizing Alaska’s Boeing 787-9 that were acquired during the acquisition of Hawaiian Airlines in 2024.

New Service, New 787 Livery For Fleet

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Alaska Airlines Adds Service To London and Iceland, Debuts New 787 Livery 71

The service to London will be operated utilizing Alaska’s Boeing 787-9 that were acquired during the acquisition of Hawaiian Airlines in 2024. Each flight will be equipped with 34 fully enclosed lie-flat business class seats alongside coach service.

As part of unveiling the service offering to London, Alaska also unveiled their new livery for the Boeing 787 fleet. Alaska’s striking global exterior design will be featured on our growing fleet of up to 17 widebody 787 Dreamliner aircraft inherited from Hawaiian. Alaska states that their new design is inspired by their heritage as they make a dedicated effort to expand to new regions around the globe.

Reykjavik new flights will be operated from Seattle with Boeing 737-8 MAX aircraft.

These new additions mark Alaska’s fourth and fifth long haul intercontinental destinators from Seattle for Alaska Airlines. This service enhancement is part of Alaska’s broader effort to introduce 12 such routes by 2030.

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Alaska Airlines Adds Service To London and Iceland, Debuts New 787 Livery 72

Statement from Alaska Airlines CEO on new service

Alaska CEO shared his thoughts on the new service in a press release.

“With these bold moves, we are accelerating our vision to connect our guests to the world. We are seizing this moment to redefine the international experience and level up. And we’re doing it with the same relentless focus on safety, care and performance that’s always defined us. I’m so proud of how our people continue to step up and deliver as we push ahead on these initiatives, with even more to come.”

Schedules, pricing, and booking details will be released later this fall. Interested travelers can register for early notifications on their website.

Unique Designs Allow Pilots To Bail Out From Orbit

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When the US Air Force began planning for a manned orbital re-entry vehicle, it also identified a need to develop systems to allow crews to bail out from orbit. The development of the X-20 Dynasoar was one of the first of these aircraft. Engineers came up with three unique designs for bailout systems: the Paracone, the Moose, and the FIRST Glider.

The X-20 Dyna-Soar was an Early Design of a Reusable Orbital Spacecraft

In the 1960s, the Air Force and NASA were focused on developing reusable spacecraft or spaceplanes. The goal was for them to be launched by a rocket and then land like an airplane. One of these designs was the Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar (Dynamic Soaring).

Photo showing relative size of X-20 Dyna-Soar. | Image: U.S. Air force
Photo showing relative size of X-20 Dyna-Soar. | Image: U.S. Air force

The Air Force plan was for the X-20 to be an orbital spacecraft. It would travel in the exoatmosphere, about 62 miles above sea level, a boundary level between Earth’s atmosphere and outer space. Flying at this level, the X-20 would gradually descend and then rely on its speed and the lift from its wings to bounce or skip to a higher altitude.

Eventually, the speed would reduce, and the X-20 would re-enter the atmosphere and glide to a landing in a similar way as the Space Shuttle decades later. While developing the X-20, engineers identified the need for it to have a system for pilots to bail out from orbit following a major system failure or even an enemy attack.

Douglas Paracone Allowed the Pilot to Re-enter With Only The Seat

In 1963, the simplest design allowing pilots of the X-20 and similar vehicles to bail out from orbit was the Douglas Paracone. This system was basically the pilot and his seat. After separating from the aircraft, the device would have a small solid rocket motor attached to struts above the pilot’s chest. The system also had cold jet thrusters, which the pilot would use to turn so he was facing in the proper orbital direction.

Diagram showing Features of Douglas Paracone System Which allowed Pilots to Bail Out From Orbit. | Image: Projectrho.com
Diagram showing the Features of the Douglas Paracone System, which allowed Pilots to Bail Out From Orbit. | Image: Projectrho.com

Next, the pilot began the procedure to bail out from orbit by igniting the rocket motor, and it would fire for 60 seconds, initiating the re-entry. The motor would then separate from the seat, and a lightweight Teflon-coated fabric shell would deploy around the pilot. Engineers determined the heat during the re-entry would not exceed the capacity of the pilot’s life support system.

Paracone Drawing | Image: astronautix.com
Paracone Drawing | Image: astronautix.com

The total weight of the Paracone and pilot would be about 500 pounds. The Paracone would reach 9.6 G’s during the bailout and come down without a parachute. Its terminal velocity would reach just 26.1 miles per hour and impact the ground, similar to the impact pilots would experience with conventional ejection seats.

Pilots Would Descend in Coffin-Sized General Electric Moose

The General Electric Moose was another system designed to allow pilots to bail out from orbit. Tested in 1963, it was basically a flexible, folded heat shield that the pilot would deploy by pulling a cord. The pilot also wore a chest-mounted parachute. Then the system would unfurl the shield into proper shape and surround the pilot’s back with a form-fitting polyurethane layer.

Deployment of Moose Bailout System. | Image: Public Domain
Deployment of Moose Bailout System. | Image: Public Domain

The pilot would use a small, hand-held gas device to maneuver the Moose to the correct angle for the re-entry and then fire a solid rocket motor. Once the pilot reached the atmosphere, he had the option of staying with the shield and landing on land or water, and the polyurethane foam would absorb the impact.  The pilot also had the option to jettison the shield and make a parachute landing.

Much like with the Paracone, engineers determined that the heat during re-entry with the Moose would not exceed the limits of the pilot’s space suit backpack. General Electric initially designed it for a single pilot to bail out from orbit, but they also considered larger systems that could accommodate three or more crew members.

Aerojet FIRST Glider Allowed Pilots to Leave Orbit on Inflatable Wings

The Aerojet FIRST (Fabrication of Inflatable Re-entry Structures for Test) was a glider designed in 1960 to allow pilots to bail out from orbit. It had inflatable, flexible wings and a coffin-sized cylinder, and the entire system would be carried in a cylinder attached to the exterior of a spacecraft like the X-20. The wings were wire fabric impregnated with silicone.

FIRST Re-entry Glider | Image: Astronatix.com
FIRST Re-entry Glider | Image: Astronatix.com

In an emergency, the pilot would enter the cylinder, seal its hatch, and separate from the spacecraft. The wings would then inflate, and the pilot would use a gas system to adjust the angle of the FIRST for re-entry. A rocket would then fire for the re-entry.

Back in the Earth’s atmosphere, the glider would be moving close to the speed of sound at about 27,000 feet in altitude. Its landing speed would drop to about 24 mph, and just before touching down, it would be moving at just 5.59 mph.

In the event of an equipment failure, the pilot could blow the cylinder open, exit, and descend under his own parachute.

Late in the 1960s, as the Air Force and NASA turned to more modern aircraft and spacecraft, and the Paracone, Moose, and FIRST Glider programs were cancelled.

Delta 191: When Weather Brought Down a Jumbo Jet

The Lockheed L-1011 Was Unable to Stay Aloft Due to Wind Shear

On 2 August 1985, a Delta Air Lines Lockheed L-1011-385-1 Tristar registered N726DA and operating as Delta Flight 191, was approaching Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport runway 17L. The flight had originated at Fort Lauderdale-Hollywood International Airport (KFLL) near Miami in Florida and was ultimately bound for Los Angeles International Airport (KLAX) in California. Delivered to Delta Air Lines on 28 February 1979 and powered by Rolls-Royce RB211-22B high-bypass turbofan engines, Delta 191 had left KFLL at 1410 local time that fateful day.

Delta Lockheed TriStar at KMIA
Delta L1011. By Aero Icarus from Zürich, Switzerland (12bl) [CC BY-SA 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

Experienced Flight Crew Knew Their Business

The flight crew for this flight consisted of 57-year-old pilot Captain Edward N. Connors, 42-year-old co-pilot First Officer Rudolph P. Price, and 43-year-old Flight Engineer Nick Nassick. Between them, the crew had more than 40,000 hours of flight time, 8,700 of them in L-1011 type aircraft. Connors, in particular, was described as a meticulous pilot who strictly adhered to company policies and welcomed suggestions from fellow crew members. But it was the flight crew who ultimately decided the fate of Delta 191.

10bl Delta Air Lines Lockheed L 1011 TriStar 250 N737D@TPA27.01.1998 6138548678
Delta L-1011. By Aero Icarus from Zürich, Switzerland [CC BY-SA 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

Flight Was Slightly More Than Half Full

The flight that day was far from full. The passenger cabin had a capacity of 246 passengers. Thankfully, in addition to eight flight attendants on the aircraft, there were a total of 152 passengers in the cabin when Delta 191 left Florida bound for Texas. En route weather was a concern right away; the flight was filed under Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) and the crew of Delta 191 was informed prior to departure that scattered rain showers and thunderstorms were forecast for the Dallas vicinity- like most August days. As the flight progressed westward from Fort Lauderdale, the weather in the Dallas area deteriorated- like many August days.

11ak Delta Air Lines Lockheed L 1011 TriStar 1 N722DA@FLL30.01.1998 5016627744
Delta L-1011. By Aero Icarus from Zürich, Switzerland [CC BY-SA 2.0 (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

Flying Around Weather Inbound from the East

Passing New Orleans, the crew decided to deviate north from their intended route to avoid storms. After holding over Texarkana, DAL 191 was cleared into the Dallas area. DAL 191 was then forced to deviate around isolated thunderstorms along the approach path to KDFW. Finally cleared for an Instrument Landing System (ILS) approach at 1802, the L-1011 flew through rain without incident north of KDFW before the control tower remarked that there were variable winds north of the airport due to a rain shower. DAL 191 flew through that rain shower, too.

The wreckage of Delta 191
Image via AP

When the Air is Sinking, Climbing Isn’t Enough

While preparing for landing, DAL 191 had just completed their landing checklist and extended landing gear when the aircraft entered another storm cell. The air was descending inside the storm cell, and it simply couldn’t support the jet as it flew through. With their aircraft robbed of lift, the crew reacted predictably, inputting controls for climbing the aircraft and throttling up the engines, but it wasn’t enough.

At 1805, the aircraft touched down on its landing gear in a plowed field more than a mile from the airport and more than a hundred yards east of 17L centerline. Unable to get airborne again due to the descending air, the jet rolled across the plowed field, trying to get back in the air as it approached Texas Highway 114- an airport perimeter road.

N726DA
Image via AP

Carnage on the Ground as the Jet Careens Across Terrain

When the aircraft got to Highway 114, it first struck a streetlight. Engine number one struck a vehicle on the highway, decapitating the driver. Then the jet continued southward, hitting two more streetlights.

At that point, N726DA began breaking up. Losing its port-side horizontal stabilizer, engine cowling parts, elevator and flap parts, and nose gear, the jet grazed a large water tank. It struck a second, which rotated the fuselage counterclockwise.

There was fuel fire observed coming from the port side wing root, which spread to the cabin interior. The impact with the second water tank and the fuel fire destroyed the entire forward portion of N726DA, all the way back to where the tail section separated from the rest of the aircraft.

Delta 1912
Image via AP

Many Survivors Were Seated Aft in the Tail Section That Broke Off the Jet

Separated from the rest of the aircraft when it contacted the first water tank, the tail section contained the only two survivors who had no injuries, and all ten who had minor injuries. The starboard side of the tail section was the best place to be. Everyone seated forward of row 20 was killed. Few survivors emerged from the section between row 20 and row 33, where the tail section separated.

Had the flight been full, the result would certainly have been far worse. As it happened, 136 of the 163 souls on board DAL 191 died as a result of the crash that day in Dallas. Two injured passengers died months after the crash. Of the crew, only three flight attendants survived.

star telegram news
Image via Star-Telegram/AP

Bringing Wind Shear and Microburst into the Vernacular

The National Transportation Safety Board concluded that the crash occurred due to pilot error, in that the pilot flew the aircraft into a thunderstorm. Other factors, most importantly the weather itself, obviously contributed. The crash brought the terms wind shear and microburst into mainstream vernacular. Commercial airliners were soon required to be equipped with Doppler wind shear detection and alert systems. The Delta 191 tragedy wasn’t the last aviation accident caused by wind shear and/or microburst, but it certainly increased focus on the phenomenon. Delta retired the last of their Lockheed L-1011 Tristars in 2001.

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Image via AP

The Video (With ATC Transmission Audio)

This video with cockpit and ATC transmissions was uploaded to YouTube by Alec Joshua Ibay.

[youtube id=”3ha7oDLZzpw” width=”800″ height=”454″ position=”left”]